一 | Pope Francis’s July 24-29 tour of Canada included a long-overdue apology to Native Canadians for the Catholic Church’s central role in abuses perpetrated at the country’s network of residential schools.,The notorious boarding school system was funded and organized by Canada’s federal government and run by Catholic and Protestant churches. It oversaw the forceful and systematic assimilation, abuse, enslavement and even murder of Native Canadian boys and girls from the mid-19th to late 20th centuries. It was a particularly brutal and cruel, but by no means first or only, tool of oppression experienced by indigenous peoples during the European colonialists’ history in North America.,“I am here because the first step of my penitential pilgrimage among you is that of again asking forgiveness, of telling you once more that I am deeply sorry. Sorry for the ways in which, regrettably, many Christians supported the colonizing mentality of the powers that oppressed the indigenous peoples. I am sorry. I ask for forgiveness, in particular, for the ways in which many members of the Church and of religious communities cooperated, not least through their indifference, in projects of cultural destruction and forced assimilation promoted by the governments of that time, which culminated in the system of residential schools,” Francis said at the former site of the Ermineskin Residential School in Maskwacis, Alberta on July 25.,The pope assured his apology was “only the first step” of “a serious investigation into the facts of what took place in the past and to assist the survivors of the residential schools to experience healing from the traumas they suffered.”,Pope Francis Holds Mass in Quebec During Visit to Canada to Apologize to Indigenous Community28 July, 13:01 GMT,Assimilation,More than 150,000 Native children passed through the residential school system over its 160+ year history. Children were prohibited, often by physical punishment, from speaking their native languages, having their ancestors’ religious concepts replaced with Christianity, and facing their cultural traditions and social norms substituted for those of the colonialists.,The first experimental residential school was opened in Brantford, Ontario, in 1833, but the system only became a federally-mandated, national, industrial-scale tool of subjugation in the 1880s after Sir John A Macdonald, Canada’s first prime minister, ordered the commissioning of a report on the residential school system model being operated in the United States.,The report, entitled ‘Industrial Schools for Indians and Half-Breeds’, became the basis for Canadian state-church cooperation in solving the Indian “problem” by removing indigenous children from the influences passed down to them by their communities and family units.,© WikipediaIndian Residential School, (Fort) Resolution, Northwest TerritoriesIndian Residential School, (Fort) Resolution, Northwest Territories© Wikipedia,Along with forced assimilation, students were subjected to other forms of torment, including sexual abuse by priests and teachers, forced labor, and slavery. As of 2021, the National Center for Truth and Reconciliation has been able to identify 4,117 documented deaths of First Nations, Inuit and Metis children in residential schools. However, new graves continue to be discovered, and former Truth and Reconciliation Commissioner Murray Sinclair estimates that more than 6,000 children may have died in the residential school system over the period of its operation.,In his bombshell 2016 book “Murder by Decree: the Crime of Genocide in Canada,” writer and former United Church of Canada reverend Kevin Annett challenged the NCTR over its conservative estimates on the residential school deaths, detailing the commission’s suppression of eyewitness testimony and archival documentation, and estimating that the true death toll may have run in the tens of thousands. Annett documented how the system included a monthly “death quota” and involved the use of germ warfare, and believes that as many as 50,000 children may have perished in the residential school network.,Exploitation,Residential schools were by no means the first instance of settlers’ mistreatment of Canada’s indigenous population, with Britain’s victory against the French in the North American theater of the Seven Years’ War of 1754-1763 sealing their fate of subjugation and colonial land grabs, as well as the relentless and cynical exploitation of the most loyal tribes.,At the conclusion of the war in 1763, King George III issued a royal proclamation declaring all lands west of the Appalachian Mountains and the colonies of what would ultimately become the early United States as Native territories, outlawing their settlement or purchase by colonialists, and requiring treaty negotiations for any changes to the arrangement. In Canada –organized from the remnants of New France under the name ‘Quebec’, lands to the west and north of the colony were proclaimed Indian territory.,Centuries later, scholars continue to fiercely debate the correct interpretation of the proclamation, and whether it was meant as a permanent guarantee of Native rights to lands beyond the then-existent colonies, or a mere opportunity for colonists to catch their breath before continuing an aggressive push west.,© Photo"The British Governments in Nth America Laid down agreeable to the Proclamation of Octr. 7, 1763," Gentleman’s Magazine (London, 1763)"The British Governments in Nth America Laid down agreeable to the Proclamation of Octr. 7, 1763," Gentleman’s Magazine (London, 1763)© Photo,Even as colonists repeatedly broke the 1763 treaty’s terms throughout the rest of the 18th and 19th centuries through wars of aggression and by taking advantage of divisions within Native tribes through cunning and trickery, many Natives remained loyal to the Crown.,Perhaps nowhere was this better exemplified than in the story of Joseph Brant, an 18th-century Mohawk military and political leader who led his warriors in defense of the British Empire during the American Revolutionary War of 1775-1783, and whose efforts proved decisive in halting an American advance into what is now Canada.,In return for the loyalty shown by Brant and his fellow Mohawks, Quebec Governor Sir Frederick Haldimand promised that after the war, his people would be granted more than 8,090 square km of land around the Grand River Basin in southern Ontario. However, after the war ended in 1783, the settlers would gradually chip away at their commitments, with the Native-administered area now known as the Six Nations Reserve shrinking to just 183 square km of land, two percent of what Brant was originally promised.,Brant’s story was repeated in one form or another throughout the 19th century, and today just 0.36 percent of Canada’s total landmass has reserve status for its Native communities.,© Wikipedia / National Archives of CanadaJoseph Brant, watercolour by William ArmstrongJoseph Brant, watercolour by William Armstrong© Wikipedia / National Archives of Canada,Discrimination,Notwithstanding decades of recognition by successive governments of the historical injustices done to indigenous people, and lip service to improving their social and economic standing, Canada’s community of 1.67 million Natives continues to struggle with a broad spectrum of problems more typically characterizing countries of the so-called Third World than of a thriving, highly developed First World nation.,The Council of Canadians estimates that some 73 percent of First Nations’ water systems are at medium or high risk of contamination, with dozens of indigenous communities still lacking basic access to clean drinking water, despite billions of dollars in aid doled out by Ottawa every year to developing countries, and over a billion dollars in support sent to Kiev this year amid the Ukrainian security crisis.,Along almost every social indicator, from poverty and access to housing to crime, education, and healthcare, Native communities continue to rank below other Canadians. Nowhere is this exemplified better than in average life expectancy. While other Canadian men and women live on average to an age of 79 and 84 years, respectively, among the First Nations, Metis and Inuit, these figures drop to 72.5 for men and 77.7 for women.。1月11日：如果你是一个婚礼摄影师，你会如何服务一个失明的顾客？最近，一名澳大利亚摄影师和一名摄影师联手为失明的新娘制作了一张特殊的触觉婚礼专辑。根据外国媒体peta pixel新闻，摄影师james day和摄影师shaun拍摄了一对名叫steph和rob的夫妇的婚礼。斯蒂芬患有锥杆营养不良症。这是一种遗传性眼病。在见到丈夫罗布之前，她完全失明了。
二 | 为了创造一个斯蒂芬可以珍惜的婚礼视频，工作室将拍摄尽可能多的音频和叙事在婚礼当天。“从佩塔像素，”詹姆斯和我们自己将试图向斯蒂芬描述每一个细节，从太阳的方向到风景，亲戚脸上的表情，斯蒂芬穿着多漂亮，”摄影师说。
三 | 每次我们向斯蒂芬描述一个场景时，都会提醒我们，能够亲眼看到这些细节是多么幸运。当我们注视着爱人的眼睛，当我们的孩子长大，当波涛翻滚，太阳升起时，我们如何看待别人的眼光？Day还想出了一个主意，每天给Steph提供10种织物，每种织物都含有不同的油。通过触摸和闻，斯蒂芬可以回到婚礼中那些特殊的时刻。在佩塔皮克斯结婚几周后，这对夫妇第一次飞到澳大利亚的私人影院放映他们的婚礼电影。Day给了这对来自澳大利亚视觉公司的纹理印花和触觉婚礼专辑。肖恩说：“这些照片让斯蒂芬和她的母亲琳达可以用手在印刷品上触摸凸起的轮廓和阴影区域，这样他们就可以真正想象照片中的场景。尽管他们看不到颜色，但他们可以触摸和想象婚礼当天的彩虹。
四 | ”触觉专辑需要几个月的时间来完成和覆盖几乎所有的人类感官：嗅觉、触觉、声音和视觉。_Pixel的专辑包含10块布料和10瓶精油。
五 | 他们帮助捕捉的瞬间与当天的照片和音频片段进行了仔细的匹配，这样这对夫妇在欣赏书籍时就能记住他们最喜欢的时刻。在婚礼那天，戴问斯蒂芬，她希望看到的人能从她的人生旅程中学到什么。”“我希望有远见的人学会欣赏他们拥有的更多，”她回答说。我认为很多人都认为事情是理所当然的，比如视力。即使没有视觉，我也不会放弃自己，因为我不是玻璃做的。
六 | “人类可以克服任何逆境。”来自Peta Pixel的Pixel创造者说，了解Steph和拍摄婚礼的经历改变了他们的人生观。肖恩说：“虽然我们无法恢复斯蒂芬的视力，但她睁开了我们的眼睛，让我们更清楚地看到我们有多幸运。”更多的摄影师和摄影师的作品可以在他们的网站上找到。
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